Environmental Science & Technology

Climate change is a major concern that has an impact on populations, infrastructure, and ecosystems. According to the 6th Assessment Report of IPCC (2021), climate change is expected to be “widespread, rapid, and intensifying”. The effects of climate hazards on environmental quality have gotten worse over the past decades (Karmen Poljansek, 2017; Cutter, 2018; IPCC 20221). Predicting hazard interaction is challenging, especially when they take on complex forms like those driven on by multiple (compound/cascading) hazards. It is proved that the cumulative impact of multiple interacting hazards is greater than the total effects of the single ones (Terzi et al., 2019). This can result in an underestimation of risk. Eventually, these complex hazards are likely to have significant effects on populations, infrastructures, and ecosystems due to the poor level of preparedness (De Ruiter, 2020). Furthermore,…